小升初英语必备!干货:小学英语基础知识全归纳!
第一部分:基础知识1.字母:26个字母的大小写ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz2.语音:元音的发音五个元音字母:AEIOU12个单元音:前元音: [ɪ] /e/ [æ]中元音:[ɜ:] [ə]后元音:[ɑ:] [ɒ] [ɔ:] [ʊ] [ʌ]双元音(8个)Ⅰ.合口双元音(5个) [əu] [ɔi]Ⅱ.集中双元音(3个) [εə]3.词汇:词汇量,近反义词4.句子:大小写,标点符号第二部分:语法知识名词名词单复数,名词的格式(一)名词单复数1.一般情况,直接加-s,如:book-books,bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds2.以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses,box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families,strawberry-strawberries4.以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives5.不规则名词复数:man-men,woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-micechild-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth,fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese不可数名词的复数就是原型: paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea(二)名词的格(1) 有生命的东西的名词所有格:a) 单数后加 ’s 如: Lucy’s ruler myfather’s shirtb) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加 ’如: hisfriends’ bagsc) 不以s 结尾的复数后加 ’s children’s shoesl并列名词中,如果把 ’s加在最后一个名词后,表示共有, 如:Tom and Mike’s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车l要表示所有物不是共有的,应分别在并列名词后加’sTom’s and Mike’s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车(2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of +名词”来表示所有关系:如:apicture of the classroom a map of China冠词不定冠词,定冠词种类:➤(1)不定冠词:a / an a unit /an uncle元音开头的可数名词前用an :an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser /an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail /an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / aninteresting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /➤(2)定冠词:the the egg theplane用法:➤定冠词的用法:(1)特指某(些)人或某(些)物: The ruleris on the desk.(2)复述上文提到的人或物:He has asweater. The sweater is new.(3)谈话双方都知道的人或物:The boysaren’t at school.(4)在序数词前: John’s birthdayis February the second.(5)用于固定词组中: in themorning / afternoon / evening➤不用冠词的情况:(1)专有名词前:China is a bigcountry.(2)名词前有定语:this , that ,my , your , some, any , no 等:This is my baseball.(3)复数名词表示一类人和事:Monkeyscan’t swim. They are teachers.(4)在节日,日期,月份,季节前:Todayis Christmas Day. It’s Sunday.(5)一日三餐前:We havebreakfast at 6:30.(6)球类 棋类运动前:They often playfootball after class. He plays chess at home.* 但乐器前要用定冠词:I play theguitar very well.(7)学科名称前:My favoritesubject is music.(8)在称呼或头衔的名词前:This is MrLi.(9)固定词组中:at noon atnight by bus
代词、形容词、副词人称代词物主代词主格宾格第一人称单数I(我)memy(我的)复数we(我们)usour(我们的)第二人称单数you(你)youyour(你的)复数you(你们)youyour(你们的)第三人称单数he(他)himhis(他的)she(她)herher(她的)it(它)itits(它的)复数they(他们/她们/它们)themtheir(他们的/她们的/它们的)
形容词,副词:比较级,最高级(一)形容词的比较级1、形容词比较级在句子中的运用:两个事物或人的比较用比较级,比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more, a little来修饰表示程度。than后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)。2.形容词加er的规则:⑴一般在词尾加er ;⑵以字母e 结尾,加r ;⑶以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er ;⑷以“辅音字母+y”结尾,先把y变i,再加er 。3.不规则形容词比较级:good-better, beautiful-more beautiful(二)副词的比较级1.形容词与副词的区别(有be用形,有形用be;有动用副,有副用动)⑴在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后⑵副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后2.副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同(不规则变化:well-better,far-farther)数词:基数词、序数词(1)1-20one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen, sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty(2)21-99 先说“几十”,再说“几”,中间加连字符。23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one(3)101—999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;586→five hundred andeighty-six,803→eight hundred and three(4)l000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion1,001→one thousandand one18,423→eighteenthousand,four hundred and twenty-three6,260,309→six milliontwo hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine750,000,000,000→sevenhundred and fifty billion序数词(1)一般在基数词后加theg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth(2)不规则变化one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve—twelfth(3)以y结尾的十位整数,变y为ie再加thtwenty→twentieth, forty→fortieth, ninety→ninetieth(4)从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。twenty-first,two hundred andforty-fifth
基数词转为序数词的口诀基变序,有规律,词尾加上-th.一,二,三,特殊记,词尾字母t,d,d.八去t,九去e, ve要用f替。ty将y变成i,th前面有个e.若是碰到几十几,前用基来后用序介词常用介词:in, on, at, behind等1.at表示时间概念的某一个点。(在某时刻、时间、阶段等)。at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一点钟(黎明、午夜、中午)2.on1)表示具体日期。注:(1)关于"在周末"的几种表示法:at(on)the weekend 在周末---特指at(on)weekends 在周末---泛指over the weekend 在整个周末during the weekend 在周末期间(2)在圣诞节,应说at Christmas?而不说onChristmas?2)在(刚……)的时候。On reaching the city he called up hisparents.一到城里他就给父母打了一个电话。3.in1)表示"时段"、"时期",在多数情况下可以和during互换,前者强调对比,后者强调持续。 in(during)1988(December,the 20th century)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世纪)动词:动词的四种时态(1)一般现在时:一般现在时的构成1. be动词:主语+be(am, is,are)+其它。如: I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。2. 行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。 如: We study English. 我们学习英语。当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时,要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如:Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。动词+s的变化规则1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks,milk-milks2.以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses,wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:study-studies(2)一般过去时:动词过去式详解动词的过去式的构成规则有:A、规则动词①一般直接在动词的后面加ed:如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited②以e结尾的动词直接加d:如 lived , danced , used③以辅音字母加y结尾的动词要改y为i再加ed(此类动词较少)如 study – studied carry – carried worry – worried (注意play、stay不是辅音字母加y,所以不属于此类)④双写最后一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stoppedB、不规则动词(此类词并无规则,须熟记)小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式:sing – sang , eat – ate ,see – saw , have – had , do – did , go –went , take – took , buy – bought , get – got , read – read ,fly – flew , am/is– was ,are – were , say – said , leave – left , swim – swam , tell – told ,draw – drew , come – came , lose – lost , find – found , drink – drank , hurt –hurt , feel – felt(3)一般将来时:基本结构:①be going to + do;②will+ do. be going to = willI am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天). = I willgo swimming tomorrow.(4)现在进行时: am,is,are+动词现在分词动词现在分词详解动词的ing形式的构成规则:①一般的直接在后面加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating②以e 结尾的动词,要先去e再加ing ,如having , writing③双写最后一个字母的(此类动词极少)有:running , swimming , sitting , getting第三部分:句法陈述句(1)肯定句:是指用肯定的语气来陈述的句子,如:I’m a student.She is a doctor. He works in a hospital.There are four fans in our classroom. Hewill eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening.(2)、否定句:含有否定词或表示否定意义词的句子,如:I’m not a student. She is not (isn’t) a doctor.He does not (doesn’t) work in a hospital.There are not (aren’t) four fans in our classroom.He will not (won’t) eat lunch at 12:00. Idid not (didn’t) watch TV yesterday evening.疑问句一般疑问句:是指询问事实的句子,此类句子必须用“yes”,或“no”来回答。特殊疑问句:以特殊疑问词(what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等)开头引导的句子。此类句子应该问什么就答什么,不能用“yes 、no”来回答。
Therebe句型There be 句型与have, has的区别1、There be 句型表示:在某地有某物(或人)2、在there be 句型中,主语是单数,be 动词用is ; 主语是复数,be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品,be 动词根据最*近be 动词的那个名词决定。3、there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把be 动词调到句首。4、there be句型与have(has) 的区别:there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has)表示某人拥有某物。5、some 和any 在there be 句型中的运用:some 用于肯定句, any 用于否定句或疑问句。6、and 和or 在there be句型中的运用:and 用于肯定句, or 用于否定句或疑问句。7、针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语?How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语?8、针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:What’s + 介词短语?
第四部分:常考题型一、听力1.听句子中的单词,或者直接听单词2.根据听到的内容选择相应的回答的句子3.选出与听到的句子相同意思的句子4.听短文,判断正误。二、语音:选出与画线部分相同的读音三、用所给词的正确形式填空四、单项选择五、把句子连成一段话六、完形填空七、根据图片内容,完成对话八、阅读理解:1.选出正确的答案。2.判断正误。3.回答问题。九、改错十、书面表达:作文
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