2.名词的格
1) 有生命的东西的名词所有格:
a) 单数后加 ’s 如: Lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt
b) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加 ’如: his friends’ bags
c) 不以s 结尾的复数后加 ’s children’s shoes
并列名词中,如果把 ’s加在最后一个名词后,表示共有, 如:
Tom and Mike’s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车
要表示所有物不是共有的,应分别在并列名词后加’s
Tom’s and Mike’s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车
2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of +名词”来表示所有关系:
如:a picture of the classroom a map of China
二、冠词
1.不定冠词:
a / an, a unit / an uncle
元音开头的可数名词前用an :
an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /
2.定冠词:the, the egg the plane用法:
1)特指某(些)人或某(些)物: The ruler is on the desk.
2)复述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new.
3)谈话双方都知道的人或物:The boys aren’t at school.
4)在序数词前:John’s birthday is February the second.
5)用于固定词组中:in the morning / afternoon / evening
3.不用冠词的情况:
1)专有名词前:China is a big country.
2)名词前有定语:this,that,my,your,some,any,no等:
This is my baseball.
3)复数名词表示一类人和事:Monkeys can’t swim.They are teachers.
4)在节日,日期,月份,季节前:Today is Christmas Day. It’s Sunday.
5)一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30.
6)球类 棋类运动前:They often play football after class. He plays chess at home.
* 但乐器前要用定冠词:I play the guitar very well.
7)学科名称前:My favorite subject is music.
8)在称呼或头衔的名词前:This is Mr Li.
9)固定词组中:at noon at night by bus
2. 形容词,副词:比较级,最高级
1)形容词的比较级
形容词比较级在句子中的运用:
两个事物或人的比较用比较级,比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more, a little来修饰表示程度。than后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)。
形容词加er的规则:
a) 一般在词尾加er ;
b) 以字母e 结尾,加r ;
c) 以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er ;
d) 以“辅音字母+y”结尾,先把y变i,再加er。
不规则形容词比较级:
good-better, beautiful-more beautiful
2)副词的比较级
a)形容词与副词的区别(有be用形,有形用be;有动用副,有副用动)
在句子中形容词一般处于名词前或be动词之后
副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后
b)副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同(不规则变化:well-better, far-farther)
四、数词:基数词、序数词
1.基数词
1) 1-20
one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen, sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty
2) 21-99 先说“几十”,再说“几”,中间加连字符。
23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one
3) 101—999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;
586→five hundred and eighty-six,803→eight hundred and three
4) 1000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion
1,001→one thousand and one
18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three
6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine
750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty billion
2.序数词
1)一般在基数词后加th
eg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth
2)不规则变化
one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve—twelfth
3)以y结尾的十位整数,变y为ie再加th
twenty→twentieth,forty→fortieth,ninety→ninetieth
4)从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。
twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth
基数词转为序数词的口诀:
基变序,有规律,词尾加上-th。
一,二,三,特殊记,词尾字母t,d,d。
八去t,九去e, ve要用f替。
ty将y变成i,th前面有个e。
若是碰到几十几,前用基来后用序。
五、介词、动词
1. 常用介词:in, on, at, behind等
1)at
表示时间概念的某一个点。(在某时刻、时间、阶段等)。
at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一点钟(黎明、午夜、中午)
2)on
a)表示具体日期。
注:关于"在周末"的几种表示法:
at(on)the weekend 在周末---特指
at(on)weekends 在周末---泛指
over the weekend 在整个周末
during the weekend 在周末期间
在圣诞节,应说at Christmas?而不说on Christmas?
b)在(刚……)的时候。
On reaching the city he called up his parents.
一到城里他就给父母打了一个电话。
3)in
表示"时段"、"时期",在多数情况下可以和during互换,前者强调对比,后者强调持续。
in(during)1988(December,the 20th century)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世纪)
2、动词:动词的四种时态:
1)一般现在时:
一般现在时的构成
a) be动词:主语+be(am, is, are)+其它。如:I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。
b)行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。如:We study English. 我们学习英语。
当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时,要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如:Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。
动词+s的变化规则
a)一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks
b)以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses,wash-washes,watch-watches,go-goes
c)以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:study-studies
2)一般过去时:
动词过去式详解 动词的过去式的构成规则有:
a)规则动词
① 一般直接在动词的后面加ed:如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited
② 以e结尾的动词直接加d:如 lived , danced , used
③ 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词要改y为i再加ed(此类动词较少)如 study – studied carry – carried worry – worried (注意play、stay不是辅音字母加y,所以不属于此类)
④ 双写最后一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stopped
b)不规则动词(此类词并无规则,须熟记)
小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式:sing – sang , eat – ate ,see – saw , have – had , do – did , go – went , take – took , buy – bought , get – got , read – read ,fly – flew , am/is – was ,are – were , say – said , leave – left , swim – swam , tell – told , draw – drew , come – came , lose – lost , find – found , drink – drank , hurt – hurt , feel – felt
3)一般将来时: 基本结构:
a)be going to + do;
b)will+ do. be going to = will
I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天). = I will go swimming tomorrow.
4)现在进行时:
am,is,are+动词现在分词
动词现在分词详解 动词的ing形式的构成规则:
a)一般的直接在后面加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing, eating
b)以e 结尾的动词,要先去e再加ing ,如having , writing
c)双写最后一个字母的(此类动词极少)有:running , swimming , sitting , getting
第三部分:句法
1.陈述句
1)肯定句:是指用肯定的语气来陈述的句子,
如:I’m a student. She is a doctor. He works in a hospital.
There are four fans in our classroom. He will eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening.
2)否定句:含有否定词或表示否定意义词的句子,
如:I’m not a student. She is not (isn’t) a doctor.
He does not (doesn’t) work in a hospital. There are not (aren’t) four fans in our classroom.
He will not (won’t) eat lunch at 12:00. I did not (didn’t) watch TV yesterday evening.
2. 疑问句
一般疑问句:是指询问事实的句子,此类句子必须用“yes”,或“no”来回答。
特殊疑问句:以特殊疑问词(what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等)开头引导的句子。此类句子应该问什么就答什么,不能用“yes 、no”来回答。
3.There be句型
There be 句型与have, has的区别
1)There be 句型表示:在某地有某物(或人)
2)在there be 句型中,主语是单数,be 动词用is ; 主语是复数,be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品,be 动词根据最*近be 动词的那个名词决定。
3)there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把be 动词调到句首。
4)there be句型与have(has) 的区别:there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。
5)some 和any 在there be 句型中的运用:some 用于肯定句, any 用于否定句或疑问句。
6)and 和or 在there be句型中的运用:and 用于肯定句, or 用于否定句或疑问句。
7)针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:
How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语?
How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语?
8)针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:
What’s + 介词短语?